消费者食物浪费行为影响因素分析——基于计划行为理论的视角

巨大的食物浪费会造成严重的环境、社会和经济后果,阻碍社会的发展。消费者是食物浪费产生的主要原因,为了有效减少食物浪费,就必须了解消费者食物浪费行为的影响因素。基于计划行为理论,利用961个消费者的调查数据,从食物和环境相关行为两个角度,分析消费者食物浪费行为,探讨消费者食物浪费行为的影响因素。结果表明,消费者食物浪费量较大,占总食物量的16.52%。一般态度、金钱态度、环境态度、主观规范、个人规范和知觉行为控制均显著正向影响消费者减少食物浪费意愿,其中,环境态度对减少浪费意愿的影响最大,其次是食物浪费的一般态度和知觉行为控制,个人规范影响最小。而减少食物浪费意愿则显著负向影响消费者的食物浪费行为。因此,为有效减少食物浪费,提出加强沟通宣传、改变消费者对食物浪费的行为态度;规范相关条例制度、强化消费者减少食物浪费的规范;同时加强相关培训教育、提高消费者对食物浪费行为的知觉行为控制的建议。     

无溶剂法制备丙烯海松酸蔗糖酯及其在空气-水界面吸附行为研究

在无溶剂条件下,以丙烯海松酸和蔗糖为原料,在高温熔融状态下通过酯化反应制备了丙烯海松酸蔗糖酯,运用红外光谱、核磁共振和凝胶渗透色谱对其结构进行了表征,并测试了其临界胶束浓度(CMC),利用再定向理论分析了丙烯海松酸蔗糖酯表面活性剂在空气-水界面的形态转变和吸附量等吸附行为。研究结果表明:成功合成了丙烯海松酸蔗糖酯,其CMC值为2.2 g/L。丙烯海松酸蔗糖酯在空气-水界面的吸附状态分为状态1和状态2,随着表面压的增加,溶剂摩尔分数逐渐降低,2种状态丙烯海松酸蔗糖酯分子在空气-水界面上的摩尔分数之和逐渐增加。计算了吸附在界面上的状态1和状态2丙烯海松酸蔗糖酯的吸附量,随着表面压增大,状态1吸附量先增大后减小,状态2吸附量占主导且持续增多,吸附量最高可达1.9 mmol/m2。丙烯海松酸蔗糖酯的吸附和胶束化摩尔自由能(ΔG)分别为-20.67和-15.16 kJ/mol,表明丙烯海松酸蔗糖酯优先吸附在界面上,达到饱和后就形成胶束。     

饲养密度和硫辛酸对肉鸡血清指标、行为及骨骼发育的影响

本试验旨在研究高饲养密度条件下饲粮中添加硫辛酸(LA)对肉鸡血清指标、行为及骨骼发育的影响。试验选取健康状况良好、体重相近的1530只21日龄爱拔益加(AA)肉鸡,随机分成3组,即常规饲养密度组(ND组,15只/m^2,饲喂基础饲粮)、高饲养密度组(HD组,18只/m^2,饲喂基础饲粮)和高饲养密度+LA组(HD+LA组,18只/m^2,在基础饲粮在添加300 mg/kg LA),每组6个重复。试验期为3周。结果表明:1)与ND组相比,HD组肉鸡血清钙含量和碱性磷酸酶(ALP)活性显著下降(P<0.05),血清皮质酮(CORT)含量以及还原型辅酶Ⅱ氧化酶(NOX)和髓过氧化物酶(MPO)活性显著上升(P<0.05)。2)与ND组相比,HD组肉鸡行走、梳翅、采食频次与时间占比显著降低(P<0.05),而饮水频次以及饮水和趴卧时间占比显著升高(P<0.05)。3)与ND组相比,高饲养密度显著降低肉鸡胫骨与股骨直径、重量、密度、强度以及钙、磷、灰分和矿物盐含量(P<0.05)。4)与HD组相比,HD+LA组肉鸡血清钙含量和ALP活性显著升高(P<0.05),血清CORT含量以及NOX和MPO活性显著下降(P<0.05);采食频次和时间占比显著增加(P<0.05),饮水频次和趴卧时间占比显著降低(P<0.05);胫骨质量以及钙、磷含量与股骨密度、强度和钙含量显著上升(P<0.05)。综上所述,高饲养密度致使肉鸡发生氧化应激,改变了肉鸡行为,并使肉鸡骨骼质量下降,而饲粮中添加LA能在一定程度上缓解高饲养密度对肉鸡造成的损伤。     

光源、性别及光处理时间对草地贪夜蛾趋光行为的影响

为研发高效、精准的监测防控设备,利用八臂行为选择装置系统测定不同光源、性别和光处理时间下草地贪夜蛾Spodoptera frugiperda的趋光行为。结果显示,在紫外光（波长365 nm）、紫光（波长420～430 nm）、蓝光（波长465～475 nm）、绿光（波长525～535 nm）、黄光（波长585～595 nm）和红光（波长655～665 nm）6种波长光源下,草地贪夜蛾混合种群（雌雄成虫比为1∶1）对紫外光光源的趋光选择率最高,为25.61%,显著高于其他处理,其次为紫光和蓝光光源,趋光选择率分别为16.30%和8.82%,对红光的趋光选择率最低,为4.76%。在紫外光刺激下,草地贪夜蛾雌成虫的趋光选择率显著高于混合种群（雌雄成虫比为1∶1）,在红光刺激下,雄成虫的趋光选择率显著高于雌成虫。另外,在紫外光刺激下,光处理时间60 min草地贪夜蛾雌成虫的趋光选择率显著高于其他处理。表明光源与性别因素均影响草地贪夜蛾的趋光行为,光处理时间对草地贪夜蛾的趋光行为影响较小,且与光源及性别因素有关。     

Effects of sex and age on behavior and weight gain in beef calves after abrupt weaning

The effects of weaning on beef calves of different ages were investigated. Forty male and 40 female calves were either weaned at 6 (W6, n = 40) or 8 (W8, n = 40) months of age. The vocalization activity and behaviors (feeding, lying and standing/walking) were observed during the first 3 days following weaning. Body weight was recorded at 6 and 8 months and 2 weeks following weaning. W6 animals vocalized more often than W8 calves and females more than males on day 1 (P < 0.05). The vocalization activity decreased at a higher rate in W8 than in W6 from days 1 to 3. On day 2, W6 calves spent less time lying and more standing/walking than W8 calves (P < 0.05). The behaviors did not differ between males and females. The average daily gain after weaning did not differ between weaning ages (P > 0.05), but W8 calves gained more from 6 to 8 months of age. In conclusion, weaning distress was more pronounced in W6 than in W8 calves. W8 calves also had a superior growth performance during 6 to 8 months of age. The effect of the calves' sex was less pronounced. Therefore, it is recommended to wean beef calves later than 6 months of age.     

影响猪采食行为的肠道微生物种类鉴别

动物主要通过采食来获取能量和所需营养物质,探索肠道菌群对猪采食行为的影响并研究其潜在的作用机制,可以为后续通过调控肠道菌群来改善猪采食提供理论基础。以210头商业杜洛克猪为研究对象,使用自动喂料器记录包括平均日采食时间(ADET)、平均日采食次数(ADEV)、平均日采食量(ADFI)等采食行为指标。140日龄时于肛门处收集粪便样品,通过16S rRNA基因V3-V4区测序获得试验猪肠道微生物结构与组成概况,采用Two-part模型以及共丰度组(CAGs)鉴别与猪采食行为相关的肠道微生物种类。结果显示：1)表型间相关性分析结果表明,ADET分别与ADEV(r=0.41,P<0.05)、RFI(r=0.32,P<0.05)呈显著正相关,ADFI分别与RFI(r=0.56,P<0.05)、平均日增重(ADG)(r=0.63,P<0.05)呈显著正相关,另外,RFI与背膘厚呈显著正相关(r=0.16,P<0.05)。2)CAGs分析中,主要包括瘤胃球菌科(Ruminococcaceae)、拟杆菌目(Bacteroidales)以及颤螺菌属(Oscillospira...     

Feed intake pattern of broiler chickens under intermittent lighting: Do birds eat in the dark?

This paper reflects the results of a short experiment conducted in parallel with a larger trial which aimed to test the assumption that ‘consumption of feed by broiler chickens during periods of darkness is largely negligible’. To that effect, on d 31, feeders of birds raised under intermittent lighting (IL), i.e. 1 h of light [1L]:3 h of dark (3D):1L:3D:1L:3D:1L:3D:2L:6D, were weighed at the onset and at the end of each period of darkness (or scotoperiod). Moreover, in order to compare the feeding behavior of IL birds with that of broilers raised under continuous lighting (CL, i.e. 18L:6D), their feeders were weighed in parallel and at the same time points. On d 31, feed intake of IL birds during scotoperiods represented 45% of their 24 h feed intake. Both CL and IL birds presented anticipatory feed intake prior to the long nocturnal period of darkness (6D), as well as higher feed intake right at the onset of lighting at 06:00. Feed intake of CL birds during the 6D nocturnal scotoperiod was negligible at around 2% of their total feed intake. Intermittent lighting birds exhibited excitement at the start of each hour-length scotoperiod and, within that time, ingested around 2.5 times the amount of feed ingested by CL birds. Although short, this study revealed several interesting observations which might be worth further exploring in a larger, lengthier, behavior-focused experiment. Amongst other factors, it might be interesting to understand whether the high feed intake observed during scotoperiods for IL birds in reflective of the whole flock or rather a coping mechanism developed mainly by hierarchically lower-ranking birds to achieve their daily feed intakes requirements.